Holston Associated Libraries CatalogWebPAC PRO Innovative Interfaces, Inc. BibMe Free Bibliography Citation Maker MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard. Chief Seattles famous speech Below is the text of Chief Seattles speech as translated by Dr. Henry A. Smith. Its authenticity is suspect, since it. Twenty years after Hines, Hungerford, and Tomera A new metaanalysis of psychosocial determinants of proenvironmental behaviour. Root. child. Nodesi. NameLI. node. Name over. Namethis. class. Name. Web. PAC PRO Innovative Interfaces, Inc. Psychology Wikipedia. Psychology is the science of behavior and mind, embracing all aspects of conscious and unconscious experience as well as thought. It is an academic discipline and a social science which seeks to understand individuals and groups by establishing general principles and researching specific cases. In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist and can be classified as a social, behavioral, or cognitive scientist. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also exploring the physiological and biological processes that underlie cognitive functions and behaviors. Psychologists explore behavior and mental processes, including perception, cognition, attention, emotion affect, intelligence, phenomenology, motivation conation, brain functioning, and personality. This extends to interaction between people, such as interpersonal relationships, including psychological resilience, family resilience, and other areas. Psychologists of diverse orientations also consider the unconscious mind. Psychologists employ empirical methods to infer causal and correlational relationships between psychosocial variables. In addition, or in opposition, to employing empirical and deductive methods, someespecially clinical and counseling psychologistsat times rely upon symbolic interpretation and other inductive techniques. Psychology has been described as a hub science,4 with psychological findings linking to research and perspectives from the social sciences, natural sciences, medicine, humanities, and philosophy. While psychological knowledge is often applied to the assessment and treatment of mental healthproblems, it is also directed towards understanding and solving problems in several spheres of human activity. By many accounts psychology ultimately aims to benefit society. The majority of psychologists are involved in some kind of therapeutic role, practicing in clinical, counseling, or school settings. I/41l3UzozAYL.jpg' alt='Handbook Of Environmental Psychology 2002' title='Handbook Of Environmental Psychology 2002' />
Many do scientific research on a wide range of topics related to mental processes and behavior, and typically work in university psychology departments or teach in other academic settings e. Some are employed in industrial and organizational settings, or in other areas7 such as human development and aging, sports, health, and the media, as well as in forensic investigation and other aspects of law. Etymology and definitions. The word psychology derives from Greek roots meaning study of the psyche, or soul psukh, breath, spirit, soul and logia, study of or research. The Latin word psychologia was first used by the Croatianhumanist and Latinist. Marko Maruli in his book, Psichiologia de ratione animae humanae in the late 1. The earliest known reference to the word psychology in English was by Steven Blankaart in 1. The Physical Dictionary which refers to Anatomy, which treats the Body, and Psychology, which treats of the Soul. In 1. 89. 0, William James defined psychology as the science of mental life, both of its phenomena and their conditions. Igi 5 Game. This definition enjoyed widespread currency for decades. Handbook Of Environmental Psychology 2002' title='Handbook Of Environmental Psychology 2002' />
However, this meaning was contested, notably by radical behaviorists such as John B. Watson, who in his 1. Also since James defined it, the term more strongly connotes techniques of scientific experimentation. Folk psychology refers to the understanding of ordinary people, as contrasted with that of psychology professionals. History. The ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, China, India, and Persia all engaged in the philosophical study of psychology. Environmental psychology is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on the interplay between individuals and their surroundings. The field defines the term. Historians note that Greek philosophers, including Thales, Plato, and Aristotle especially in his De Anima treatise,1. As early as the 4th century BC, Greek physician Hippocrates theorized that mental disorders had physical rather than supernatural causes. In China, psychological understanding grew from the philosophical works of Laozi and Confucius, and later from the doctrines of Buddhism. This body of knowledge involves insights drawn from introspection and observation, as well as techniques for focused thinking and acting. It frames the universe as a division of, and interaction between, physical reality and mental reality, with an emphasis on purifying the mind in order to increase virtue and power. An ancient text known as The Yellow Emperors Classic of Internal Medicine identifies the brain as the nexus of wisdom and sensation, includes theories of personality based on yinyang balance, and analyzes mental disorder in terms of physiological and social disequilibria. Diesel Generator Autocad Drawing. Chinese scholarship focused on the brain advanced in the Qing Dynasty with the work of Western educated Fang Yizhi 1. Liu Zhi 1. 66. 01. Wang Qingren 1. 76. Wang Qingren emphasized the importance of the brain as the center of the nervous system, linked mental disorder with brain diseases, investigated the causes of dreams and insomnia, and advanced a theory of hemispheric lateralization in brain function. Distinctions in types of awareness appear in the ancient thought of India, influenced by Hinduism. A central idea of the Upanishads is the distinction between a persons transient mundane self and their eternal unchanging soul. Divergent Hindu doctrines, and Buddhism, have challenged this hierarchy of selves, but have all emphasized the importance of reaching higher awareness. Yoga is a range of techniques used in pursuit of this goal. Much of the Sanskrit corpus was suppressed under the British East India Company followed by the British Raj in the 1. However, Indian doctrines influenced Western thinking via the Theosophical Society, a New Age group which became popular among Euro American intellectuals. Psychology was a popular topic in Enlightenment Europe. In Germany, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 1. Christian Wolff identified psychology as its own science, writing Psychologia empirica in 1. Psychologia rationalis in 1. This notion advanced further under Immanuel Kant, who established the idea of anthropology, with psychology as an important subdivision. However, Kant explicitly and notoriously rejected the idea of experimental psychology, writing that the empirical doctrine of the soul can also never approach chemistry even as a systematic art of analysis or experimental doctrine, for in it the manifold of inner observation can be separated only by mere division in thought, and cannot then be held separate and recombined at will but still less does another thinking subject suffer himself to be experimented upon to suit our purpose, and even observation by itself already changes and displaces the state of the observed object. Having consulted philosophers Hegel and Herbart, in 1. Prussian state established psychology as a mandatory discipline in its rapidly expanding and highly influential educational system. However, this discipline did not yet embrace experimentation. In England, early psychology involved phrenology and the response to social problems including alcoholism, violence, and the countrys well populated mental asylums. Beginning of experimental psychology. Wilhelm Wundt seated with colleagues in his psychological laboratory, the first of its kind. Gustav Fechner began conducting psychophysics research in Leipzig in the 1. Fechners 1. 86. 0 Elements of Psychophysics challenged Kants stricture against quantitative study of the mind.